5 Types of khiyar in Buyu/right of the buyer & seller in Islamic transaction.

The term khiyar refers to the option or right of the buyer & seller to rescind a contract of sale.

Literally, the word khiyar denotes a choice on the part of the holder of the right of option, who may either conirm the act or render it void. Legally, khiyar means the option or right of withdrawal for the parties involved to terminate the legal act unilaterally..

Khiyar Majlis:

Majlis refers to the meeting for bargaining and concluding the contract.

Khiyar al-Majlis is the inalienable right to cancel the contract concluded by both parties as long as they have not yet separated. The right of option is applicable to each agreement which has the nature of sale,

khiyar al-Majlis or the contracting session refers to the period of time which starts from the issuance of an offer and continues throughout the whole period in which the contracting parties are engaged in the conclusion of the contract, with-out showing any renunciation of contract, and it ends with the separation, which occurs by departing of one of the parties from the place of the contract, or with the agreement on the option.

Other khiyars in a sale contract are as follows:

1. Khiyar Shart

Khiyar-e-Shart (Optional condition): At the time of sale Buyer or Seller can put a condition that he has an option to rescind the sale within the specific 4 days. This option is called Khiyar-e-Shart.

Specification of the days is necessary for this Khiyar. Within this period, he has the right to rescind/dissolve the sale without any reason. If the buyer puts the condition, it is called Khiyar-e-Mushtari (option of buyer) and when put by the seller, it is called Khiyar-e-Bai (option of seller). This Khiyar is not transferred to heirs.

2. Khiyar ru’yah

Khiyar-e-Roiyyat (Option of inspecting goods): Where the goods can be returned after inspection. This applies automatically to all contracts. Eg. ‘A’ buys machinery from ‘B’ without seeing. However, ‘A’ has the option to return the machinery after inspection.

3. Khiyar-e-Aib

Khiyar-e-Aib (Option of defect): Where the goods can be returned if found defective. It is the responsibility of the seller to supply goods free of error/defect or point out the defect to the buyer. No way is he allowed to cover the defect of the goods which constitutes as fraud.

In one of the hadiths, Prophet has stated “He is not amongst us who indulges in fraud.” Therefore the buyer has the right to return the good in case of a defect which is considered a defect in the market and which depreciates the value of the goods. Eg. ‘A’ buys batteries from ‘B’. However, ‘A’ has the option to return them to ‘B’ if the batteries are found to be defective or not in working condition.

4. Khiyar-e-Wasf

Khiyar-e-Wasf (Option of quality): Where the goods are sold by specifying a certain quality by the Seller but which is absent in the goods. Eg. ‘A’ buys a car from ‘B’ who has specified automatic transmission of the car. However when ‘A’ uses the car, he finds the transmission to be manual. Therefore he can return the car to ‘B’ in the absence of a specific quality.

5. Khiyar-e-Ghaban

Khiyar-e-Ghaban (Option of price): Where the seller sells the goods at a price which is far expensive than the market price, a Buyer has the right to return it to the seller. Eg. a Parker pen is sold to ‘A’ by ‘B’ at a price of Rs.500/-. However after the sale, ‘A’ discovers its market price to be Rs.250/-, he has the option to return the pen to ‘B’.

Iqala

Iqala (Recession of Contract): Where parties freely consent to rescind the contract i.e. each party will give back the consideration received by it. Neither the buyer nor the seller has the sole right to rescind
the contract after execution of a contract. Often the buyer wants to rescind the contract after buying goods. In this case, it is necessary that he gets the seller’s consent. Therefore this mutual agreement between buyer and seller to rescind the contract is called Iqala.

In one of the hadiths, Prophet has stated “He who does the Iqala (rescinding of the contract) with a Muslim who is not happy with his transaction, Allah will forgive his sins on the Day of Judgment.”

Ref : Dr. Muhammad Imran Ashraf Usmani in Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking and contemporary application of khiyar ul majlis

Also read : Islamic Book on finance